Soft system and social technical approaches

Dynamic Scientific examination has been advancing at an inexorably disturbing rate. This has been activated by the prerequisite of exploration network to give noteworthy responses what exactly appears as intricate and untidy world risky situations.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Soft System and Social Technical Approaches explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this impact, researchers feel committed to direct an interdisciplinary examination venture planned for expanding information in all the orders (Bandura 2002). Such examination ventures are planned for taking care of the difficulties the globalizations and progression in innovation present to the clients and purchasers of data. The precision, uprightness, and availability of data have gotten one of the major issues that such examination targets tending to. The issues of trustworthiness of data use and the security of data is turning into a centrality. The plan of the data framework ought to have the option to address the difficulties, for example, the moral issues that have become a significant migraine to the scientists in the data and innovation field. The capacity to introduce a framework that tended to such difficulties will be a huge achievement in tending to the difficulties of the time and age. Acquaintance With different variables contributing with any issues in the current world, such varieties make the world increasingly perplexing and complicated. There is requirement for a genial methodology in tending to and settling such issues. It is never clear the instance of recognizing the main driver of the issue or diagnosing the issue in a flash. With so much disarray frequently encompassing issues, it might appear to be difficult to decide a suitable arrangement. So as to determine such issues, a critical thinking approach is principal. Also, the methodologies ought to have the option to consider different elements of the issue. This may involve the unmistakably understanding what's going on and systems or conceptualize of the conceivable instrument of tending to the issue or improving the circumstance. Delicate Systems Methodology (SSM) is one of the methodologies (Bandura 2002). Delicate framework methodolgy Soft Systems Methodology is a result of the proceeding with Action Research of Prof Peter Checkland, Brian Wilson in addition to different scientists. It is a rule instrument to critical thinking. The exertion was in acknowledgment of the way that not all issues are clear and neither do they have an anticipated solution.Advertising Looking for report on it? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Common mistaken assumptions have developed where the strategy has been seen as wanted to take care of delicate issues, for example, issues including the social and social angles. Despite what might be expected, the idea applies to both hard and delicate issues. The system, anyway receives a n alternate methodology in each risky circumstance. The ‘hardness’ or ‘softness’ isn't n intrinsic quality of the apparent issue, rather it identifies with how the issue is seen by those associated with looking for the arrangement (Checkland 1985). Every single dangerous circumstance contain both delicate and hard angles. An issue turns into an issue kid the ideals of being seen as such by individuals. This can be compared to such a platitude, that â€Å"one man’s poison is another man’s meat†. Current clarifications and issues identifying with delicate framework Developed in 1970 by Peter Checkland with his associates, Soft frameworks philosophy (SSM) was intended to give intercessions in the difficulties experienced in the executives, hierarchical and strategy settings. The procedure proves to be useful particularly where neither the issues nor the appropriate responses are self-evident. It is firmly identified with the building frame work draws near. Be that as it may, in contrast to the building framework, it perceives the focal significance of point of view or world-see in social circumstances. The methodology is not quite the same as the ‘systems science’ approaches that was progressed during the 1960s, and ponders more activity research in its way of thinking and approach. SSM is not the same as approaches of hard frameworks through its method of managing the framework idea. As indicated by hard framework approach, a ‘system’ is viewed as ontological substance elements or items that exist in reality. For example, when one discusses articles, for example, PC framework or transport framework, they mean physical things which can be portrayed authoritatively just as organized to address a specific issue. SSM, then again, views the idea of ‘system’ as an epistemological element and not ontological substance a development of the psyche that guides in human comprehension. At t he point when we are taking a gander at an association as a framework, for example, the things that come in our brains incorporate the exercises that happen inside that organization. We think about the way toward changing over some crude materials into given completed items; we likewise think about the endeavors to make benefits; we additionally get a psychological image of various workers as holders of various situations inside the association. With respect to the case for the jobless youthful alumni, they would take a gander at the association as a potential employer.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Soft System and Social Technical Approaches explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More basically, various individuals will have shifted discernments over a given association. It isn't feasible for us to give a given single guidance as either right or wrong while there are other distinctive to comprehend what is happening in the earth. In this manner, it i s basic to comprehend the recognitions and estimations of various people to get an away from of what concerns them inside a given framework. While attempting to comprehend a creation organization, as a framework, for instance, we are aware of the procedure of transformation of crude materials into the item. The framework would in this manner be made out of such partners as providers of crude material, sugar-stick ranchers, for instance. We would likewise have clients to buy the made items. When taking a gander at an association whose sole target is to make occupations for local people, the framework would comprise an alternate arrangement of components. For this situation we would be keen on the framework, for example, improved market foundations to empower ranchers sell their homestead produce. Improved vehicle framework would likewise be of significance to take into consideration simple development of individuals and the products. A dependable correspondence system to permit oppor tune progression of data would likewise be of centrality. Limit lines that are diverse have been drawn basing on various impression of individuals on what they see as the framework. The advancement of SSM was impacted by the need to discover answers for complex circumstances where the issue to be fathomed isn't clear; and the influenced gathering of individuals hold distinctive comprehension of what comprises the issue and the conceivable arrangement. For example how to improve ranch efficiency by increasing the utilization of substance composts simultaneously rationing the earth; likewise how to acknowledge industrialization without unfavorably influencing the earth regarding contamination. A general public may likewise be confronted with a test of how to manage youth posses, who represent a danger to the network or medication abusers. The way to deal with fathoming such difficulties may take numerous measurements. Be that as it may, rather than taking care of the issue, some propo sed choice may really compound the circumstance. There is have to investigate the more extensive circumstance and the conceivable results of picking any given approach.Advertising Searching for report on it? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This is so in light of the fact that, a few circumstances are interlaced; transforming one component may have thump on impacts on different viewpoints. A far reaching comprehension of the connections that exist among circumstances is fundamental. The job of SSM is to offer clients with a rule in building up an improved comprehension of the unpredictability of situations’. Procedures SSM is described by seven phases as follows: 1) Identification of the dangerous circumstance that requires intercession. 2). Leading an exhaustive examination so to catch the master plan. 3) Perspective choice and a development of root definitions (the significant procedures that need to happen inside the ideal framework). 4) Conceptualization of a change framework model. 5) Comparison of the model with this present reality circumstance. 6) Definitions of the progressions to be made. Audit of writing It is important to coordinate our comprehension and displaying over a wide scope of spatial and wor ldly scales so as to address complex cultural and natural Challenges. This requires an expansion in the degree of cultural significant Science (Lubchenco 2008). Framework based methodologies have been basic in attempting to get mankind and our associations with the outside condition. Ludwig Von Bertalanffy is perceived for his significant forward leap in frameworks based methodologies in the mid twentieth century (Lubchenco 2008). Ludwig Von (Biologist) along with Kenneth Boulding (market analyst), Ralph Gerard (scholar), and Anatol Rapoport (mathematician) further built up a ‘General frameworks theory’ planned for tending to the necessity for an increasingly coordinated way to deal with tackling cultural issues. This prompted the introduction of Society for General Systems Research in 1954 whose name later changed to the â€Å"International Society for Systems Science (Sage 1992). As indicated by Checkland, in utilizing a â€Å"Participative Approach† partners are well on the way to arrive at facilities †a typical comprehension on the most proficient method to address a given risky circumstance. Through such appro

An In-depth Analysis of Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” Essay

Beside the Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet is presumably additionally one of the most acclaimed catastrophes that William Shakespeare has ever composed. Much the same as whatever other catastrophes that Shakespeare has composed, the story finished with the slaughtering of numerous individuals including the principle character, Hamlet. It likewise shows Shakespeare’s composing style with the idea of retribution, denied love, and numerous others. Before we can dissect the character of Hamlet, let us first take a brief look on the story. The setting of the story is in Denmark. The story started with the late King Hamlet frequenting the night as a phantom. Later on, Prince Hamlet’s companion, Horatio and the ruler himself was told by the phantom that he was killed by Claudius, the King’s sibling. Subsequent to killing King Hamlet, Claudius got the seat and King Hamlet’s spouse Gertrude. With these things being known by the youthful village, he at that point plans for vengeance. This arrangement comprised of acting frantic and recruiting and acting troupe to re-order the said murder of the ruler. After the acting, Gertrude chided Hamlet for being unfaithful to the King uninformed that Polonius is taking cover behind the blinds. Hamlet coincidentally executed Polonius for he mixed up him as the King. Along these lines, Prince Hamlet was sent to England without knowing Claudius’ plans of murdering him there. Be that as it may, Hamlet figures out how to get away from the gatekeepers and had the option to return to Denmark. Be that as it may, the story didn't end there, with the demise of his dad Polonius, Ophelia lost her psyche. Along these lines, Laertes (Ophelia’s sibling) went to Denmark to deliver retribution particularly when he discovered that Ophelia has suffocated herself. Laertes arranged his vengeance to be done in a fencing fight and that he will cut Hamlet with a harmed blade and that the ruler would give him a harmed cup in the event that he wins. In any case, the arrangement went insane when Gertrude drank with the harmed cup as a result of Hamlet’s close to triumph and when Laertes cut villa with the harmed blade. They at that point trade swords and Hamlet figured out how to wound Laertes with the harmed sharp edge. Understanding that them three are going to pass on, Hamlet chose to wound Claudius and make him drink the remainder of the harmed drink (Kriszner). Investigation of Hamlet’s Character After having perused these things occur and done by our Shakespearean character, we can say that Hamlet doesn't have a consistent or fixed trademark. Hamlet never neglects to tell the perusers that there is a whole other world to him that meets the eye. From the outset, it appeared that Hamlet is only a sovereign that is interested about his father’s passing. Be that as it may, as the story advances, the perusers were seeing increasingly more of him. Hamlet, I should state, is a sane, truth-chasing character. In the event that we are not to discover the profundity of Hamlet’s character’s it might appear that he is only a vindictive character. Be that as it may, making arrangements for retribution is not the same as looking for reality. Prior to arranging his vengeance, Hamlet originally needed to affirm if the Claudius is blameworthy. With his activities when he employed an acting gathering, we can see that he is being sane and that despite the fact that he was by all accounts extremely furious at the King, he despite everything decided to see first if the King is extremely blameworthy. Hamlet is likewise insightful on the grounds that all the proof that may demonstrate that the King killed his dad is there yet he was so anxious to demonstrate that Claudius is liable. Albeit any individual or peruser would accept that the proof is sufficient, Hamlet despite everything shows question and poses inquiries in his brain. Beside being pondering, we can say that the character of Hamlet is likewise imprudent. A proof to this is the inadvertent slaughtering of Polonius. Hamlet didn't invest energy to check in the event that it is actually the lord or not. In view of this lack of caution, more retribution was activated simply like the arranged vengeance of Laertes which partook as the story advanced. He is additionally indiscreet when his character abruptly moves to being a crazy person. Hamlet’s hastiness is additionally observed through his over conditioned talks and references. The character of Hamlet likewise shows discontent, to his family as well as to current status of Denmark and in the long run, the entire world. This can be seen when he was baffled about his mom when he wedded Claudius directly subsequent to King Hamlet passed on. It is likewise perceptible in the play that he executes a specific aversion for ladies. This can be seen when he didn't care for the activities of his own mom and when he denied his adoration for Ophelia (â€Å"Hamlet Character Analysis†). Hamlet is likewise a character of will and enthusiasm. His character in the play superbly suits his being youthful and excited. As a result of his â€Å"youngness† and being excited, we couldn't help thinking that he doesn't set aside some effort to reflect. Once more, a model is the point at which he murdered Polonius. He simply does things that he thinks would fit the circumstance. He gets things done by his will that is the reason the impression it gives the crowd is that he is a character that is brimming with quality. Another quality of the Shakespearean legend is being unsure or astounded. These are showed with his getting some information about existence in the wake of death, self destruction, and so forth. Another piece of the play wherein we can see Hamlet’s being uncertain is the point at which he adjusted his perspective in slaughtering King Claudius when he saw him supplicating. He at that point chose to murder him when â€Å"he is smashed, snoozing, or in a rage† which could be an increasingly deadly chance. Since he can't settle on when to execute the King, he depended on first demonstrating that the King truly killed his dad. Various feelings can likewise be found in the character of Hamlet. As the play advances, various feelings are appeared by our Shakespearean legend. At certain parts, we can see a furious Hamlet where there are a few sections where we consider Hamlet to be a character of hopelessness. There are additionally parts that he was by all accounts warm with Ophelia. Hamlet likewise executes selling out and submit lies when he exchanged the letters and when he went about as a crazy person. Additionally, in some different pieces of the story, we can see a lamenting Hamlet (Mabillard). Hamlet is additionally a capable character and is extremely ready to forfeit. In spite of the fact that it is evident that he needs vengeance, we can say that he is simply being mindful in looking for equity for his father’s demise. He is dependable on the grounds that he didn't stop until he discovered equity for his father’s passing. He yielded a great deal of things like his affection for Ophelia and even relinquished his own life only for equity. In conclusion, Hamlet shows an alternate lose of confidence in individuals. One piece of the play is the point at which he lost his adoration for Ophelia. Additionally, there are a few pieces of the story wherein he appeared to have parcel his enthusiasm forever and that he thinks about the world as tainted and unclean. Hamlet turned out to be exceptionally critical about the world subsequent to discovering what his dad has experienced. He indicated dissatisfaction and discontent not exclusively to Denmark yet to the entire world. Character Development, Dramatic Structure, and Presentation The improvement of Hamlet’s character began from being vindictive, to battling for his life and equity, at that point lamenting for the demise of friends and family and the present condition of his country. Hamlet, I should state, is one of the most â€Å"flavorful† characters that Shakespeare has ever constructed. His character began from being irate which come about because of arranging retribution. As a result of his arrangements, he at that point changes to a character who battles from the circumstance he put his self into. What's more, ultimately, he shows sorrow with the friends and family he had lost (â€Å"Hamlet†). The sensational structure of the play is clearly a disaster. Obviously, the emotional substance of the play incorporates strife. A large number of Shakespeare’s plays show request or solidarity. A significant number of them include a gathering of individuals or society which will at that point be broken. This circumstance would appear to be uncertain until the finish of the story or until everybody is executed. Another piece of the structure of this show is the presence of the powerful. This could be found within the sight of the apparition of King Hamlet. This was additionally done by Shakespeare in a portion of his works like Macbeth and Midsummer night’s dream. This will at that point cause the unsettling influence of the circumstance. On account of Hamlet, the apparition of King Hamlet activated youthful Hamlet’s feelings which came about to looking for vengeance. Since the story is a disaster, we expect that the contention must be settled with the demise of the principle character. Notwithstanding, not all catastrophes end after the murdering of the fundamental character. A few catastrophes end by lamenting to the passing of the fallen legend or conveying the hero’s dead body. This will at that point show the â€Å"bringing back† of solidarity among the messed up society. Such emotional structure was made by Shakespeare particularly for the eighteenth century where in the idea of disasters are not yet or less acknowledged by general society (Jhonston). Social Significance Hamlet has its consequences for culture. It demonstrated the individuals to confront reality and not avoid reality. In the century when the play was made, social chain of importance is a serious deal. Economic wellbeing is a significant issue that is the reason the play tends to that we ought to be consistent with ourselves and that we ought not enhance the brutal real factors of life (Cook). It appears that Shakespeare needed to show the flaws of man through Hamlet’s disappointment of the world. The play appears to whimper about the present condition of our way of life and society and that individuals ought not decorate the missteps of the general public and the way of life they based upon. Reference: Cook, Hardy M. â€Å"The Meaning of Hamlet†. 2004. July 18 2007. <http://www. shaksper. net/documents/2004/1938. html>. â€Å"Hamlet†. 2006. July 19 2007. <http://www. teachwithmovies. organization/tests/village. html>. â€Å"Hamlet Character Analysis†. 2005. Total Shakespeare. July 18 2007. <http://absoluteshakespeare. com/guides/articles/hamlet_characters_essay. htm>. Jhonston, Ian. ?

How I Lost Control of My Ereading

How I Lost Control of My Ereading This is a guest post from Justina Ireland. Justina enjoys dark chocolate, dark humor, and is not too proud to admit that she’s still afraid of the dark. She lives with her husband, kid, and dog in Pennsylvania. She is the author of Vengeance Bound and Promise of Shadows, both currently available from Simon and Schuster Books for Young Readers. Her essay “Me, Some Random Guy, and the Army of Darkness” is in the forthcoming The V-Word, an anthology of personal essays by women about having sex for the first time, published by Beyond Words (SS). You can find Justina on twitter as @tehawesomersace or visit her website  justinaireland.com. ____________________ I was an early adopter of the ereader.  The idea of a limitless library in my purse was awesome.  I remember going to the library as a kid and walking up to the circulation desk with an armful of books, only to be told that I could only check out ten. Ten?!? Ten was never going to be enough to last me until my next visit. So the idea of ALL the books with me at all times was a thrilling one, similar to the way some people feel when they hold a gun.  Sure, I wasn’t going to kill a man with my ereader, it was kind of pricey.  But I could download a book and learn how to kill a man, so it was almost as good. Plus, with an ereader I never had to worry about awkward book interactions.  I read what I wanted where I wanted!  No one was going to side-eye my Scottish vampire erotica in the waiting room.  For all they knew I was flushed because it was a bit warm, not because I reading a particularly inventive scene featuring a handsome footman and a lusty lady of the manor. All the books I wanted whenever I wanted wherever I wanted.   It was a heady time. Alas, I should’ve remembered Ben Parker’s warning to young Peter: “With great power comes great responsibility.”  Because my ereader was my single greatest downfall. Having all of that content so easily available has made me a terrible and thoughtless reader. It started with the books I’d buy.  Discounted ebooks are the Jello shots of the book world.  No one goes to the bar thinking “I’m going to get hammered on raspberry Jello spiked with bottom shelf vodka!” Similarly, no one goes to their favorite etailer thinking “I’m going to get this book I’ve never heard of with bad cover art and a recommendation from the Toledo Association of Cat Fanciers.” But at $1.99, everything looks appealing.   And so I bought things I’d never normally pick up.  Slews of first books in a series, anything cleverly named The Fill in the Blank’s Daughter, vegetarian cookbooks, even though my favorite vegetable happens to be steak.  I bought it all. Because I could. But what to do with such a magnificent bounty of the written word?  Well, read it.  Only, most of the books I’d bought weren’t things that would hold my interest.  With limits in both space and money I’d been choosy about my book purchases.  At a twenty dollar price tag I was a careful consumer, picking up stories, sampling the first chapter, trying on the writing to see if the phrases came together in an appealing way.  But at $1.99 I was mad with power, buying first and sampling later. So when I finally did get around to reading my purchase I ended up quitting the book early on, putting it aside because of bad writing or terrible characterization or just a simple lack of interest. When I did find that diamond in the rough, that rare discounted ebook that was just freaking amazing, I’d read it twice as fast as a paper book.  Somehow, pushing the next page button was an addiction, a finger twitch that my eyes rushed to keep up with.  And finding that gem of a story made me anxious to see what else was out there, so that I’d buy an author’s entire back catalog, especially if it was also $1.99. I was an ebook junkie.  I told myself I could quit at any time, but there I’d be, back at the etailer, trolling for titles I didn’t have, like an ebook was some unusual Pokémon.  I had to have them all. After about a year of this the madness, I had to stop.  I put my ereader away and used my book money for buying hardcovers and trade paperbacks.  When the announcement for some fantastic $1.99 ebook came across Twitter I’d restrain myself, only purchasing the book if it had actually been on my list.  For obscure titles I read the sample first and tried to evaluate if I would actually read the book.  Usually the answer was a no, so I’d carefully click the buy window shut before I could talk myself into purchasing it. I’d like to say I’m better now, that my to read pile is smaller and that there aren’t seven hundred books sitting on my ereader right now.  But that is a lie.  The truth is, there are still good days and bad days.  I still buy more meh books than amazing books.  I still have more books than I could ever hope to read in four lifetimes, and I’m still buying more every day. But I also buy physical books, only reading on my ereader once or twice a month.   So I think I’m at least doing a little better. Maybe. ____________________ Book Riot Live is coming! Join us for a two-day event full of books, authors, and an all around good time. Its the convention for book lovers that weve always wanted to attend. So we are doing it ourselves.

Comparing Islam and Christianity on violence Free Essay Example, 2000 words

However, questions are continuously raised in the approach of people in Christianity towards using force and violence in a justified manner. Throughout the history of Christianity, certain teachings of the Old Testament and the New Testament were referred with regard to justifying the use of force or violence in Christianity (Volf 1-17). According to Weaver, the answer to the question of whether Christianity supports violence is quite simple for many. This is because of the fact that there are various scenarios which can directly present the controversial approach of Christianity towards violence which notably include the Warrior Pope’s in the history, support of the Christians towards the corporal and capital punishment and the extensive practice of slavery among the many that exist. Conversely, Weaver also argued about a few of the aspects including the teachings of Jesus where He taught people about loving the enemies, eliminating non-violence from the society and ensuring peace all over the world extensively oppose the aspect of violence (Harris, †Letter to a Christian Nation†; Weaver, â€Å"Violence In Christian Theology†). Hence, the worldviews of the relationship between Christianity and violence is quite blurred and the debate in this subject matter everlasting. We will write a cust om essay sample on Comparing Islam and Christianity on violence or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now WORLDWIDE VIEWS OF VIOLENCE IN ISLAM Similar to Christianity, violence in Islam is also an important topic of extensive discussion worldwide. Observably, a few of the doctrines and texts associated with Islam provide strong evidences and cases of their association with extensive violence. According to the study of Sutton and Vertigans, western world holds a fixed view towards Islam where they directly depict it as the religion of violence. The study also states that as per the western world, Islam is †a religion of the sword† where conflict, aggressions and terrorism are deeply prevalent within the activities of the people (1-33). In this regard, Puniyani depicts that owing to the extensive association of the religion with terrorism, people within the Islamic community also hold the view that this religion is associated with activities of violence (1-25). However, the research of Juergensmeyer affirms that like in any other religion, the teaching of Islam also focuses more on ascertaining peace and non-violence throughout the world with occasionally allowing the use of force and violent activities. He further believes that similar to Christianity, Islam also does not disregard violence at one point while on the other hand it teaches that self-defense is a right of human beings (3-20).

The Age of Pericles and Periclean Athens

The Age of Pericles refers to part of the Classical Age of Greece, when the dominant polis—in terms of culture and politics—was Athens, Greece. Most of the cultural wonders that we associate with ancient Greece come from this period. The Dates of the Classical Age Sometimes the term Classical Age refers to the entire expanse of ancient Greek history, from the archaic period, but when used to distinguish one era from the next, the Classical Age of Greece begins with the Persian Wars (490-479 B.C.) and ends with either the empire-building or the death of the Macedonian leader Alexander the Great (323 B.C.). The Classical Age is followed by the Hellenistic Age that Alexander ushered in. Besides war, the Classical era in Athens, Greece, produced great literature, philosophy, drama, and art. There is a single name that signifies this artistic period: Pericles. The Age of Pericles (in Athens) The Age of Pericles runs from the middle of the 5th century to either his death at the start of the Peloponnesian War or the end of the war, in 404. Pericles as Leader While he was not a king or dictator in charge of Athens, Greece, Pericles was the foremost statesman of Athens from 461-429. Pericles was repeatedly elected to be one of the 10 strategoi (generals). Aspasia of Miletus Pericles was strongly influenced by Aspasia, a female philosopher and courtesan from Miletus, who lived in Athens, Greece. Because of a recent citizenship law, Pericles couldnt marry a woman who wasnt born in Athens, so he could only cohabit with Aspasia. Pericles' Reforms Pericles introduced payment for public offices in Athens. Pericles' Building Projects Pericles initiated the building of the Acropolis structures. The Acropolis was the high point of the city, the original fortifiable area before the city of Athens expanded. Temples topped the Acropolis, which was behind the Pnyx  hill where the assembly of the people gathered. Pericles preeminent building project was the Parthenon  (447-432 B.C.), on the Acropolis. The famed Athenian sculptor Pheidias, who was also responsible for the chryselephantine  statue of Athena, supervised this project. Ictinus and Callicrates served as architects for the Parthenon. Delian League Pericles is credited with moving the treasury of the Delian League to Athens, Greece, and using its money to rebuild the Acropolis temples that the Persians had destroyed. This was an abuse of the treasury funds. The money was supposed to be for the  defense of Athens and its Greek allies. Other Famous Men in the Classical Age Besides Pericles, Herodotus the father of history and his successor, Thucydides, and the 3 famous Greek dramatists Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides lived during this period. There were also renowned philosophers like Democritus during this period, as well as sophists. Drama and philosophy flourished. The Peloponnesian War But then the Peloponnesian War broke out in 431. It lasted for 27 years. Pericles, along with many others, died of an undetermined plague during the war. The plague was especially deadly because people were crowded together within the walls of Athens, Greece, for strategic reasons connected with the war. Historians of the Archaic and Classical Period HerodotusPlutarchStraboPausaniasThucydidesDionorus  SiculusXenophonDemosthenesAeschinesNeposJustin Historians When Greece Was Dominated by the Macedonians DiodorusJustinThucydidesArrian fragments of Arrian found in PhotiusDemosthenesAeschinesPlutarch

Night World The Chosen Chapter 10 Free Essays

Or not to meet them so much as graze past them, before concentrating on his chin. She didn’t dare stare directly into them for long. â€Å"Maybe she is from another planet,† Quinn was saying to the girl. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : The Chosen Chapter 10 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Maybe she’s not human. Maybe I’m not, either.† That’s right, Rashel thought. Make fun of them by telling them a truth they won’t believe. But, she noticed, Quinn looked more as if he didn’t care what they found out than as if he were mocking them. â€Å"Maybe she’s from another world. Did you ever think of that?† Rashel was confused again. Quinn seemed to be trying to get himself killed. He appeared to be verging on telling these girls about the Night World, and under the laws of the Night World, that was punishable by death. You’re really slipping, Rashel thought. First the slave trade, now this. I thought you were supposed to be such a stickler for the law. â€Å"There are darker dimensions,† Quinn was confiding to the group, â€Å"than you have ever imagined. But, you see, it’s all part of life’s grand design, so it’s all right. Did you know†-he put his arm around a girl’s shoulders, gesturing outward as if inviting her to look at some horizon-â€Å"that there’s a certain kind of wasp that lays its eggs in the body of a caterpillar? A live caterpillar. And it stays alive, you see, while the eggs hatch and the little waspettes eat it from the inside out. Now, who do you think invented that?† Rashel wondered if vampires could get drunk. â€Å"That would probably be the most horrible way to die,† Daphne chimed in, her musical voice ghoulish. â€Å"Being eaten by insects. Or maybe being burned.† â€Å"It would probably depend on how fast you burned,† Quinn said meditatively. â€Å"A flash of fire-high enough temperature-you bum the nerves out in the first few seconds. Slow baking would be different.† â€Å"I’m writing a poem about fire,† Rashel said. She was surprised to find that she was annoyed because Quinn didn’t really seem to have noticed her. On second thought, she should be annoyed; her plan depended on him not only noticing but choosing her. She was going to have to capture his attention. â€Å"Do you have it with you?† Daphne was asking helpfully. â€Å"No, but I can tell you the beginning,† Rashel said. She braced herself to look at Quinn as she recited: â€Å"There’s warmth in ice; there’s cooling peace in fire, And midnight light to show us all the way. The dancing flame becomes a funeral pyre; The Dark was more enticing than the Day.† Quinn blinked. Then he smiled, and he looked Rashel over, dearly taking notice of the velvet jumpsuit and ending with her face. He looked everywhere†¦ except into her eyes. â€Å"That’s right; you’ve got it,† he said with that same brittle exhilaration. â€Å"And there’s plenty of dark out there for everyone.† Rashel’s worry that he might look too deep if he met her gaze was groundless. Quinn didn’t seem to be really seeing anybody here. â€Å"There is plenty of darkness,† Rashel said. She moved toward him, feeling strangely brave. Her instincts sensed a weakness in him, a flaw. â€Å"It’s everywhere. It’s inescapable. So the only thing we can do is embrace it.† She was standing right in front of him now, looking at his mouth. â€Å"If we hold it dose, it won’t hurt so much.† â€Å"Well. Exactly.† Quinn showed his teeth, but it wasn’t the manic smile. It was a grimace. He didn’t look happy anymore; suddenly, for just an instant, he looked tired and sick. He was almost leaning away from Rashel. â€Å"I came here so I could do that,† Rashel said in a sultry voice. She was scaring herself a little. In the name of the charade, she was doing everything she could to seduce him-but it was surprisingly easy and surprisingly enjoyable. There was a sort of tingling all over her body, as if the jumpsuit had picked up a charge. â€Å"I came to look for the darkness,† she said. Softly. Quinn laughed abruptly. The feverish good humor came flooding back. â€Å"And you found it,† he said. He went on laughing and laughing, and he reached out to touch Rashel’s cheek. Don’t let him touch you! The thought flashed through Rashel’s mind and communicated to her muscles in an instant. Without knowing how she knew, she was certain that if he touched her, it would all be over. It was skin-to-skin contact that had nearly fried every circuit in her brain before. She danced back from his fingertips and smiled teasingly, while her heart tried to pound its way out of her chest. â€Å"This place is so crowded,† she said throatily. â€Å"Huh? Oh. Then why don’t we schedule something more private? I could pick you up tomorrow night. Say seven o’clock in the parking lot.† Bingo. â€Å"But Quinn.† It was Daphne, looking aggrieved. â€Å"You told me to meet you tomorrow.† She trembled her chin. Quinn stared at her, and for once, Rashel could read his face easily. He was thinking that anybody that stupid deserved it. â€Å"Well, you can both come,† he said expansively. â€Å"Why not? The more the merrier.† He walked away laughing and laughing. Rashel watched him go, resisting an impulse to shake her head. She’d done it; she’d passed the last test and been chosen. So why was her heart still pounding? She glanced out of the side of her eye at Daphne. â€Å"Well, I don’t know about anybody else, but I’ve had enough excitement for tonight.† She went to get her coat, with the rest of Quinn’s coterie glaring jealously after her. She had one enjoyable experience on the way out. Ivan, still slouching, tried to stop her at the door. â€Å"Shelly, hey. I thought we were going to get to know each other better.† Rashel didn’t need him anymore; she had her invitation. â€Å"I’d rather get to know a head louse,† she said in her sweet chatty voice, and she stepped on his foot hard with her high heel. In the car, she waited a full twenty minutes, watching the front of the club, before Daphne joined her. â€Å"Sorry, but I didn’t want anybody to think we were leaving together.† â€Å"You did a great job,† Rashel said, driving away. â€Å"You even managed to get both of us invited to meet Quinn together-that was dangerous, but it worked. The only thing that surprised me is that he invited us in front of everybody. Is that how he did it before?† â€Å"No. Not at all. Last time, he sort of whispered it to me when nobody was around. But, you know, nothing was normal tonight. I mean, he usually asks new girls questions-I guess to figure out if they have families who’ll miss them. And he isn’t usually that-that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Manic?† â€Å"Yeah. I wonder what’s going on with him?† Rashel pressed her lips together and stared straight ahead through the windshield. â€Å"You sure you want to go through with this?† It was Sunday night and they were nearing the parking lot of the Crypt. â€Å"I’ve told you and told you,† Daphne said. â€Å"I’m ready. I can do it.† â€Å"Okay. But, listen, if there’s any trouble, I want you to run. Run away from the club and don’t look back for me. All right?† Daphne nodded. At Rashel’s suggestion, she was wearing something more sensible tonight: black pants heavy enough to provide some warmth, a dark sweater, and shoes she could run in. Rashel was dressed the same way, except that she was wearing high boots. The knife was in one. â€Å"You go first,† Rashel said, parking a street away from the club. â€Å"I’ll come in a minute.† She watched Daphne walk away, hoping she wasn’t going to get this little blond bunny killed. She herself was the danger. Quinn was going to use mind control on them to get them to go to the warehouse quietly. And Rashel wasn’t sure what would happen when he did it. Just don’t let him touch you, she told herself. You can carry it off as long as he doesn’t touch you. Five minutes later, she started toward the Crypt. Quinn was in the dark parking lot, standing by a silvery-gray Lexus. As Rashel reached the car, she saw the pale blob of Daphne’s face through the window. â€Å"I almost thought you weren’t coming.† There was now a sort of savagery mixed in with Quinn’s lunatic good humor. As if he was angry she wasn’t smart enough to save herself. â€Å"Oh, I wouldn’t miss this for the world.† Rashel kept her eyes on the car. She wanted to get this over with. â€Å"Are we going somewhere?† There was that tiny hesitation that seemed to come every time she spoke to him, as if it were taking him a minute to focus. Or as if he were trying to figure something out, she thought nervously. Then he answered smoothly, â€Å"Oh, right, get in.† Rashel got in. She glanced once at Daphne in the back seat. Daphne said, â€Å"What’s up?† in a chirpy voice laced with feminine rivalry. Good girl. Quinn was getting in the driver’s side. Once the door was shut, he turned the engine on to run the heater. The windows immediately began to fog. Rashel sat in a state of continuing mind, ready for the unexpected at any moment. Only the unexpected didn’t come. Nothing came. Quinn was just sitting there in the driver’s seat. Watching her. With a sudden void in her stomach that threatened her zanshin, Rashel realized that it was too dark. Too familiar. They were sitting here together in silence, so close, visible to each other only in silhouette, just as they had in the cellar. She could almost feel Quinn’s confusion as he tried to figure out what was bothering him. And Rashel was afraid to say anything, afraid that her chirpiest voice wouldn’t be a good-enough disguise. The horrible feeling of connection was mounting, like some giant green wave looming over them both. In a moment it would break, and Quinn would say, â€Å"I know you,† and switch on the light to see the face without the veil. Rashel’s fingers edged toward her knife. Then, through the electric buzzing in her ears, she heard Daphne say, â€Å"You know, I just love this car. I bet it goes really fast, too. This is all so exciting-I’m just so glad I got here this time. Not like last week.† She went on, blathering easily, while Rashel sank back lightheaded with relief. The connection was broken; Quinn was now looking at his instrument panel as if trying to escape the chatter. And now Daphne was talking about how exciting it was to ride in the dark. Smart, smart girl. Quinn had to interrupt her to say, â€Å"So, you two girls want to surrender to the darkness?† He said it as if he were asking if they wanted to order pizza. â€Å"Yes,† Rashel said. â€Å"Oh, yes,† Daphne said. â€Å"It’s just like we always say. I think that would be just the most seriously cool-â€Å" Quinn made a gesture at her as if to say, â€Å"For God’s sake, shut up.† Not a rough gesture. It was more like an exasperated choir director trying to get through to some soprano who wouldn’t stop at the end of the measure. Stop here. And Daphne shut up.’ Like that. As if he’d turned off a switch in her. Rashel twisted slightly to look at the backseat and saw that Daphne had slumped to one side, body limp, her breathing peaceful. Oh, God, Rashel thought. She was used to the kind of mind control other vampires had tried on her. The persuasive, whispery-voice-in-the-head type. And when Quinn hadn’t tried to use that, or to call for help in the cellar, she’d assumed he was low on telepathy. Now she knew the truth. He packed a telepathic punch like a pile driver. No, like a karate blow: swift, precise, and deadly. He turned to look at her, a dark shape against a lighter darkness. Rashel tried to brace herself. â€Å"And the rest is silence,† Quinn said, and gestured at her. Rashel fell into a void. She woke up as she was being carried into the warehouse. She had enough presence of mind not to open her eyes or make any other sign that she was conscious. It was Quinn carrying her; she could tell even with her eyes shut. When he dumped her on a mattress, she deliberately fell so that her head was turned away from him and her hair was over her face. She had a moment’s fear that he was going to discover the knife in her boot when he shackled her ankles. But he didn’t even roll up her pant leg. He seemed to be doing everything as quickly as possible, without really paying attention. Rashel heard the shackle snap shut. She kept perfectly still. She lay and listened as he brought Daphne in and chained her. Then she heard voices close by and the sound of other footsteps. â€Å"Put that one down here-what happened to her purse?† That was Lily. â€Å"It’s still in the car.† Ivan. â€Å"Okay, bring it in with the other one. I’ll do her feet.† Thump of a body hitting a mattress. Footsteps going away. The metallic clink of chains. Then a sigh from Lily. Rashel could imagine her straightening up and looking around in satisfaction. â€Å"Well, that’s it. Ivan’s got number twenty-four in the car. I guess we’re going to have one very happy client.† â€Å"Joy,† Quinn said flatly. Twenty-four? One client? â€Å"I’ll leave a message that everything’s going to be ready for the big day.† â€Å"Do that.† â€Å"You’re awfully moody, you know. It’s not just me who’s noticed it.† A pause, and Rashel imagined Quinn giving one of his black looks. â€Å"I was just thinking it was ironic. I turned down a job as a slave trader once. That was before. Do you remember before, Lily? When we lived in Charlestown and your sister Dove was still alive. A captain from Marblehead asked if I wanted to ship out to Guinea for some human cargo. Black gold, I think he called it. As I remember, I hit him on the nose. And Fight-the-Good-fight-for-Faith Johnson reported me for brawling.† â€Å"Quinn, what’s wrong with you?† â€Å"Just reminiscing about the old days in the sunlight. Of course, you wouldn’t know about that, would you? You’re lamia; you were born this way. Technically, I suppose, you were born dead.† â€Å"And technically, I suppose, you’re going peculiar. My father always said it would happen.† â€Å"Yes, and I wonder what your father would think about all this? His daughter selling humans for money. And to such a client, and for such a reason-â€Å" At that moment, while Rashel was listening desperately, hanging on every word, heavy footsteps interrupted. Ivan had returned. Quinn broke off, and he and Lily remained silent as another body thumped on a bed. Rashel cursed mentally. What client? What reason? She’d supposed the girls were being sold as regular house slaves or food supplies. But clearly that wasn’t the case. And then something happened that drove thoughts of the future right out of her mind. She heard footsteps next to her bed, and she was aware of someone leaning close. Not Quinn, the smell was wrong. Ivan. A rough hand grabbed her hair and pulled her head back. Another arm slid under her waist, lifting her up. Panic shot through Rashel, and she tried to push it away. She forced herself to stay limp, eyes shut, arms dangling passively. I ought to have been prepared for this. She’d realized from the beginning that playing her part might include allowing herself to get bitten. To feel vampire teeth on her throat, to allow them to spill her blood. But it bad never happened to her before, and it took every ounce of her will to keep from fighting. She was scared. Her arched throat felt exposed and vulnerable, and she could feel a pulse beating in it wildly. â€Å"What are you doing?† Quinn’s voice was sharp as the crack of glacier ice. Rashel felt Ivan go still. â€Å"I’ve got something to settle with this girl. She’s a smartass.† â€Å"Take your hands off her. Before I knock you through the wall.† â€Å"Quinn-† Lily said. Quinn’s voice was painfully distinct. â€Å"Drop her. Now.† Ivan dropped Rashel. â€Å"He’s right,† Lily said coolly. â€Å"They’re not for you, Ivan, and they have to be in perfect shape.† Ivan muttered something sullen and Rashel heard footsteps moving away. She lay and listened to her heart slowly calming. â€Å"I’m going to get some sleep,† Quinn said, sounding flat and dull. â€Å"See you Tuesday,† lily said. Tuesday, Rashel thought. Great. It’s going to be a very long two days. They were the most boring two days of her life. She got to know every corner of the small glass-windowed office. The windows were a problem, since she was never absolutely sure if Lily or Ivan were outside one of them, standing in the warehouse proper and looking through. She listened carefully for the warehouse doors, froze instantly at any suspicious sound, and trusted to luck. Daphne woke up Monday morning. Rashel had her neck twisted sideways and was staring through the office glass up at the one tiny window set high in the warehouse wall. Just as it turned gray with dawn, Daphne sat up and screamed. â€Å"Sh! It’s all right! You’re here in the warehouse with me.† â€Å"Rashel?† â€Å"Yeah. We made it. And I’m glad you’re awake.† â€Å"Are we alone?† â€Å"More or less,† Rashel said. â€Å"There are two other girls, but they’re both hypnotized. You’ll see when it gets lighter.† Daphne let out her breath. â€Å"Wow†¦ we did it. That’s great. So how come I’m so completely and utterly terrified?† â€Å"Because you’re a smart girl,† Rashel said grimly. â€Å"Just wait until Tuesday when they take us out.† â€Å"Take us out where?† â€Å"That’s the question.† How to cite Night World : The Chosen Chapter 10, Essay examples

Taking a Stance on Capital Punishment free essay sample

Who are we to decide who should live and who should die? Who are we to decide that the punishment should not fit the crime? Who are we to consider mercy for the merciless? These are just a few questions I would love to be able to ask someone like Carrie Marie Scott, Janna Bruce, or Sheila Whalen but I can not, they all were murdered by Stephen Peter Morin. Stephen was one of the â€Å"botched† executions by lethal injection. It took the technicians almost 45 minutes to find a suitable vein to administer the sentence. I wonder how long it took his three victims to die as he raped and tortured them in a van he sound proofed. As for the time he suffered on the table getting needles stuck in him, I hope it does not happen to anyone that did not torture and kill three innocent people. Where is the humanity for the victims? Then there is the botched execution of John Wayne Gacy. We will write a custom essay sample on Taking a Stance on Capital Punishment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This man tortured and killed over 25 people after his first conviction of child molestation in 1968; yet it is inhumane that his execution took 18 minutes longer to complete than normal because of a clogged IV tube? Perhaps we should ask the family of his victims if it took longer than 18 minutes for them to get over the death of their loved ones. Where is the humanity for the victims? What of the Hodges family? Richard Hodges and his 75 year old mother Mildred were both murdered by suffocation by Bert Leroy Hunter and Tomas Ervin. On December 15th, 1988; Hunter and Ervin broke into the Hodges’ family home at gun point to rob them. The Hodges’ were bound with duct tape and had plastic bags put over their heads causing them to suffocate. Death by suffocation can take upwards of eight minutes to happen; try holding your breath for a minute and you will realize the agony of this death. When hunter was executed his body convulsed violently; but this is the inhumane aspect of this entire ordeal. I feel that I would be cheating the family if I did not mention that this crime was committed after Hunter got out of jail for his first conviction of murder and in jail is where he met his accomplice Ervin. Where is the humanity for the victims? What is a lethal injection? It is a very basic process where Sodium Thiopental is used to put the person to sleep, then Pancuronium is administered to paralyze the muscles, and Potassium Chloride is used to stop the heart; if this is not given the person would die of asphyxiation from the Pancuronium. The person has an IV in both arms although one is only used as a backup in case the main fails. The person on the execution table will always have one right that he or she did not allow their victim to have; the right to die with their dignity. When you look at the very basic facts of this, that no one should take a life; everything is very simple. When people say that â€Å"this poor person died on the execution table in a horrible way;† it is really easy to take a stance and say that it is wrong. The problem is that this is a heavily flawed perspective based on initial reactions without digging further and finding the details about how the ended up on that execution table in the first place. It all comes down to protecting the ones we are supposed to protect; the people who do NOT break the law and their rights have far been overlooked for rights of the ones who victimized them. So you ask for a stance and I will take one: Killing people is wrong, but the people who have killed people should not have a voice in their treatment of way they die; their victims did not. I support lethal injection and capital punishment. So long as people are willing to kill other people in cold blood; I am willing to see them off to their demise and not stand in the way.

Information Systems for Managers

The pace of revolution of information technology is fast and has become even faster over the last decades. Consequently, many businesses have embraced the developments in information technology in a bid to avoid being looked out from the world of technology. One of the latest result based management practices is through the use of information systems in a business.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Information Systems for Managers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The role in which information systems play in management of a business is of great significance to the success of any businesses enterprise operating in the current world. Furthermore, it is worth noting that information systems are designed for collection, processing, retrieving, and distributing information in a business. This helps to speed up the process of management and delegation of duties within a chain of command. Studies show that the cu rrent competitive business world requires organizations to have information systems to ease and speedup up the flow of information to many individuals. The core functions of information system for managers are solving problems, which arise in a business model. In addition, information systems help in enterprise management and development of new products in a business. However, information systems are designed to be used by people in strategic departments according to the structure and operation of a business entity. This is because every information system is developed for a specific function such as manufacturing, accounting, and marketing and human resource management. These systems help to simplify human labor and time, which is needed in a business operation. Arguably, the implementation of information systems in a business is a non-debatable issue (Gilman and Carl 56). Business managers should also be keen to change their systems in line the recent innovations. This is due to t he fact that systems change very fast and thus likely to affect the operation of a business. Moreover, information systems should be integrated with the global networks so as to receive the newest and latest updates on the technology. This is because global information is very important for global decision making in a business. Nevertheless, information systems also benefit marketing departments. They provide managers with information about consumer needs thus contributing to designing of products for consumer’s preference. To adjudge, managers should embrace information technology through implementation of information systems, which will eventually lead to a good and better output (Daft 164).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technology trend: Digitization One of Moore’s law states that the power of computing and bandwidth communication has become cheap in a way that it should be taken as disposable. Moore’s law has huge impacts in the world of technology. To begin with, the there are many silicon inventions today which have been created to enhance flow of information. Furthermore, the world has been made a global village in terms of flow of information using the digital technology. Electronics have been integrated each day thus helping to change many operations in the world. As a matter of fact, many organizations and business have not been left out in this change. That is the reason why many businesses have merged in the wake of the new technology (Huber 123). Information flow has been made easier through use of information technology. This has been made easier using the information systems, which have enhanced a faster flow of information from one person to the other. The digital convergence has affected many industries such as the telecom industry, computer industry, media industry, and others. This has resulted to impr ovements in mobility of data and information, connection of internet and electronic business. One of the changes, which have occurred within digital convergence era, is the ability of information to reach many individuals in a short period of time. As a matter of fact, information can be processed and be distributed around the globe within a short period of time. Through connectivity of internet many people are enriched with information at their locations within the shortest time possible (Kurtz 199). Due to the changed digital technology from analog technology, the enhancement of supply of information into markets, which has demand, has increased. Managers and other business owners have also benefited from the current technologies to find new consumers thus increasing their annual returns in their business. For instance, the media industry is one, which has benefited from the current developments of information technology. This is because through digitization, the media can have ma ny consumers all over the world to supply information thus get huge returns. Economic analysts argue that this has become a world of scarce information. This is because of the mere fact that every individual is in search for the newest information (Schultz 12).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Information Systems for Managers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Digital technologies have transformed the information systems into important systems in the world. Through the digital technologies, it is easier to analyze information and transform it into useful information. The second stage after analysis of information is the choices stage. Managers are now able to make rational decisions, which are based on the information, which has been collected. Nevertheless, using the information systems, it is possible for managers to realize the loopholes, which exist in a business model. This shall help to control data and information, which circulate within a business circle. However, through the interconnectivity of systems, it is possible for business managers to get information about their consumers in the marker almost free. This can help to improve planning of products and other consumer essentials (Gilman and Carl 56). The present global economic situation is characterized by new trends in the marker. For instance, through digital technology, it is now possible to have electronic markets, which shall enhance flow of information. The electronic markets are very effective because they enhance delivery of products to the final consumers without wastage of time. Electronic markets have become the latest form of business, which are substitutes for larger corporations and organizations within an economy. This is why marketing and sales departments are focused on the markets in order to tap the potentials they have. Moreover, the mechanisms for value exchange have also changed tremendously thus ch anging business transactions. Managers should explore internet connections with the consumers who are connected to the internet all over the globe. Electronic markets have improved ordering efficiency, which helps to reduce stocks and give consumers reduced legal risks during the transactions. It is easier to trace goods and manufacturing companies thus making transactions safer (Khosrowpou 45). Due to the changes in information technology, there has emerged a digital firm. This means that the relationship between the consumers and the manufacturers has been digitized. As a matter of fact, consumers can communicate directly with their employees.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This has also been extended to the suppliers and the employees. Today consumers can communicate directly with the members of the supply chain thus improving business. In addition, many critical business processes are now accomplished through the networks, which have been digitized. Most of the business functions and processes are now controlled using the digital technology (Gilman and Carl 57). The emergence of digital firm has also contributed to agile and response sensing to the environmental changes. Form instance, the consumer problems, and issues can be responded to in an effective manner. This helps to improve the image of the business in addition to attracting more consumers to the business. It is assumed that consumers cannot be forced to consume what they do not want. This is why some of the marketers consider consumers to be the kings of the business entities. For this reason, the digital technology has helped in the attraction of many consumers to the businesses. In addit ion to this, many businesses, which consider the e-markets, have achieved huge returns. The future management is thus based on e- markets, which have been enhanced by the innovations in technology. Today many key corporate assets are managed through the digital technology. This has reduced the human personnel, which is very costly. Moreover, the cost of labor has also been reduced tremendously as a result of emergence of new technologies. This has been as a result of seamless information flow, which has been made easier by the new technology. Most of the industrial processes such as banking are now done through the ability of a digital technology. A good example is how the banking industry has been changed in the global stage. It has changed to the point that all its functions can now be done through the digital technology. This has helped to improve business and also reduced all the problems, which occur in business (Khosrowpour 122). The digital technology thus helps information s ystems to reduce all the delays, which may be found within the supply chain. This is made easier by reduction of the visits of customers in the business. In addition, through automation and precision of information helps errors, which occur in calculation, are reduced to a great extend. Through the improved automation of processes, it becomes easier to send information faster and also reduce costs, which occur during information send of. The wireless retain shops are a good example of shops which reduce shrinkage and improve connection of businesses with the consumers. In addition, they also reduce the costs of handling of the goods to the consumers (Stair and George 154). Change management in a business One of the most successful forms of management is known as change management. It is characterized with innovation strategy, which helps to implement new policies and help in the achievement of the long term goals for the business. Innovation management helps to manage portfolios and projects in a business thus improving the service delivery. Many projects are very complex but with the innovation of new information systems, it is easier to delegate duties within a supply chain. This is enhanced by through effective communication and creation of a platform for information flow within the chain. It is thus a general fact, that information systems have become a source of complacency within an organization (Schultz 155). In order for management to have change, they should develop principles, which shall be the constant remainder of change within the supply chain. The principles should be in line with the vision of the organization and also help to reduce the obstacles, which might occur within a business. The systems of governance should also be changed to improve the effectiveness of supply chain. Moreover, the structures of operation are one of the most critical things within a management and they can only be improved through changing of the information technolog y. These can be done through adaption to the current information systems, which are beneficial for the success of the business (Stair and George 77). The management of any organization faces many problems, which occur during the implementation of the projects for the business. One of the problems, which occur in the management of a business entity, is the lateness of project completion. This is caused by lack of systems, which help to speed up the processes of implementation of the long term goals. Secondly, costs, which increase due to late deliverances and slower imposition of delegated duties, are also a major problem to the business administration. In addition, when many goals and projects have been put together, they also contribute in the lack of implementation of a policy. On the other hand, when there is an information system in an organization the management can perform many tasks at a single time thus enhance flow of information (Huber 177). Through the internet, many comp anies are able to utilize many ways of innovating new products and come up with inventions, which shall help business to succeed and be competitive. Through information systems, it is easier to engage a variety of stakeholders in development and design of new products. This is achieved through cooperation with the consumers who define the kind of products they need. Additionally, through information on the latest technologies to develop a specific product, it also becomes easier to a design and develops a new product. Supplies and other individuals may also be engaged in the development of new products and this enhances the process of innovation within a business (Daft 165). Outsiders in a business offer many insights in the development of new products and this enhances the flow of information. Companies can reduce costs through taking new products into the markets, which have the potential. It is therefore important for any successful business to effectively manage its products and thus improve its chances for success. This is through making of connections with companies and businesses of high profiles and stature. It is thus indispensable for any individual to argue that internet connectivity helps to improve the chances for success. It is thus a fact that every business should embrace internet connectivity in order to improve the chances of success and also improve its income level. In order to perform a variety of tasks within the same time, companies should implement the information systems infrastructure and thus improve the chances of success within the management. This is because expanding the frontiers of automation and innovation helps to perform tasks more efficient. The supply chain technologies help in the achievement of faster products and also having the best results because these technologies help to improve the processes. Due to the changing system of management many global and renowned companies such as General Motors, General Electric and ev en Wal-Mart stores are using the automation technologies to speed up the flow of information from one supply chain to the other (Stair and George 155). The management for companies should be engaged in fostering for innovations in the international market. This can be done through submission of ideas and information into the business models. Through engagement with the consumers, information flow is made easier and this encourages businesses to trade information in a quick manner. The management of the successful companies has now understood that understanding the problems of the consumers is one of the ways, which helps to boost the economic status for business. It is therefore important to ensure valuation of offerings through experimentation of different individuals within the market. This helps to attract many consumers and also increase the status of the business among the competitors (Huber 127). Through the usage of information systems in the strategic management, it is easy to visualize the role of information flow. Many business-to-business sites have specialized agents who help in the management of the information, which is vital for the survival of the business. In addition, there are also directories, which help to provide the management with the necessary information, which is needed for the business survival. Through the process of digitization, companies are able to maximize the use of information through creation of by products and thus increase the capital base for the company. This helps to reshape the approaches of merchandise and also contribute in increasing profitability (Stair and George 125). Information systems also help in expansion of business models. This is because of innovations and product differentiation strategies, which help in the creation of new products in the market. Companies should thus choose the model of competitive advantage to other competitors. In addition, the information systems also provide companies with the pla tform to be more productive and also come up with products, which shall help the business to succeed in the long run. Information systems also help companies with project phases though performing of different functions, which help business to succeed. Business information system is basically based on the use of information technology in the management of information within the business enterprise. In that regard, those assigned the duties of managing the business information systems; that is, the business information system managers should possess the required expertise in information technology. Generally, information can be considered as a contemporary phenomenon, which has drastically transformed the manner in which business activities are carried out all over the globe (Daft 167). In order to succeed in the present business world, which is basically highly competitive, it is of great essence to make use of effective business information systems, which are considerably modern. Bu siness information system affects the manner in which firms undertake their marketing, as well as the manner in which communicate within the business entity. In addition, the business information systems dictate the process along with urgency through which the employees accomplish their jobs within the modern business organizations. It is in that perspective that the business information system managers out to develop special softwares which meet the specified industry standards and assist in ensuring that the best practices are applied in the carrying out of business management. Moreover, information system managers should be in the position of constantly changing the business face in their day-to-day operations through the use of information technology. Effective business information systems assist the contemporary business organizations in making impressive strides in the realization of operational efficiency. The human resources’ effectiveness is also achieved through the utilization of standardized business information systems (Schultz 22). Information gathering along with information storage, as well as, dissemination is presently undertaken through the use of personal computers. In that regard, it is evident that the emerging novel business information systems have changed the manner in which internal operations within the business organization are carried out. Furthermore, the business information systems managers should appropriately make use of the advancing communication technology procedures. It is of great essence to remain updated with the innovations occurring within the information technology sector so as to survive within the contemporary business world (Gilman and Carl 43). The advances being experienced within the cellular phone expertise have revolutionized the processes through which business persons communicate with their suppliers, strategic partners, clients, as well as employees. In addition, the internet is set to revolutionize the marketing function on top of opening up numerous communication options. The novel, innovative applications featured within the smart phones, which have introduced recently have transformed the manner in which business information system is carried out. The smart phones facilitate the establishment of online customer relations management applications, which can even be utilized within the small business enterprises (Daft 63). For instance, potential customers can easily obtain information online through the smart phones without making physical visits to the respective business organizations’ premises. Nevertheless, even though the information technology applied in the management of business information system is associated with bringing about success to the business organization, it is vital to note that there are several unique costs, which are put into consideration prior to implementing the preferable information technology solutions. On top of considering the anticipa ted costs, it is also essential to ensure that the implementation process is carried out by highly qualified professionals who are capable of undertaking the maintenance, expansion, monitoring along with repair of the IT infrastructure. It is vital to note that certain information systems are too complex to be implemented and they consume a lot of time in the implementation process (Khosrowpour 122). There are various types of information technology tools, which the business information system managers can utilize. Database tools can be used in the management of business information systems. Databases assist in the organization of business information such that it becomes easily manageable, as well as, accessible. In addition, the databases facilitate easy updating of the stored information. For example, the business information system managers can establish customer’s databases containing their contact information, placed orders along with their preferences. Moreover, the bu siness information system personnel can also make use of data warehouses. Data warehouses refer to centralized information storage area, which is mostly utilized in the event that a single business entity possesses various business systems. Data warehouse also refers to the utilization of numerous information systems featured in diverse digital formats. Several business enterprises store, retrieve, and manage information through the digital asset management procedure. This system is considerably helpful while carrying out several business transactions online (Daft 163). However, the system is relatively technically complex and its task management procedures can only be carried out effectively by information technology specialists. The business information system personnel can also make use of data mining. Data mining basically refers to the process through which the collected data is sorted out so as to examine the emerging patterns. For example, through data mining, the business in formation system personnel can find out the most popular products. It can also be used in establishing the likelihood of a particular class of customers purchasing certain commodities from the firm. Moreover, while undertaking business information system management, it is of great essence to make use of reporting along with querying tools. These tools are helpful in the creation of reports, which indicate the manner in which the obtained data has been interpreted. For instance, the business information system personnel can make use of these tools to establish the volume of sales, which has been handled by a specific employee (Gilman and Carl 59). Furthermore, there are diverse web-base tools, which can be utilized in the management of the business information systems. The web-based tools are such as business intelligence portals, the internet along with search engines, intranet, extranet along with social software. Business intelligence portals refer to the websites, which comprise of various types of resourceful information, for instance, legal issues along with the newly introduced business research findings. The internet along with search engines has always acted as powerful knowledge sources. However, it is of great essence to note that not all the information available online is credible. Prior to drawing conclusions based on information obtained online, it is necessary to find out the credibility of such information. The credibility of the opinions of various online authors can be carried out by conducting a critical review of their previous works. On the other hand, intranet refers to the secure private networks, which are only used internally within the business premises (Schultz 74). On the other side, extranets are closely related to intranets but the significant difference between them is that that they can be utilized by both the customers, as well as, suppliers. Social software include of sites such as the wikis, social networking websites such as twitter or facebook, and blogs. The social software is specifically helpful because it facilitates the sharing of knowledge. The business information system personnel can obtain crucial information regarding the management of business information from the social software. Basically, wikis refer to the websites within which users are allowed to quickly publish, as well as, edit the featured information. This enables like-minded individuals to record comprehensive information. On the side of blogs, individuals share knowledge on diverse issues, which can also be related to business information system management with other persons. Informal communication while undertaking business management is carried through social networking websites. In the process of carrying out business information system management, the personnel should also make use of the diverse customer analysis tools (Daft 161). These tools comprise of the management software specially designed to make better the customer relationship with the business management. This management software is helpful in the formulation of customers’ profile database. It assists the management to reach the customers through various channels such as emails. The other mostly used customer analysis tool is the call-center system. In the event that the company sales are conducted through the telephone, a greater number of customers can be reached through the call-center system. Furthermore, website log-file review can be utilized to examine the rate at which the customers obtain information from the company website so as to formulate strategies, which can make the company website more effective. In general, the customer analysis tools can be used to make better customer service by identifying the kind of information, which should be available to them. Effective business information system also enables the systems file analysis to be done in an easy simple manner. It is also necessary to make use the Enterprise Reso urce Management (ERP) software while carrying out business information system management (Leon 45). Actually, as at present, various renowned companies have already purchased the ERP software. This specific software entails of diverse modules, which are designed in such a way that they can handle a certain business facet such as information management. These modules can turnout as helpful in the management of inventories, distribution along with accounting information, as well as human resources information. Every model functions as the information repository for all of the organization’s members. For instance, once applied within the CRM (Customer Relationship Management) along with sales data, it saves the much time usually spent in carrying out information sharing, as well as, database management (Leon 76). There are diverse examples of ERPs. Some of them are the 3i InfoTech, Sage ERP X3 along with the Oracle E-Business Suite. It is vital to bear in mind that the prices of this software are variable in relation to the business organization size, as well as the number of modules required. The critical segment of the business information system is the analysis of all of the obtained information. From the very start, there is need for the IT specialist dealing with the management of the business information system to comprehend the newly introduced information systems within the IT world. Moreover, IT specialist should be able to predict the information systems needs of a certain business entity and adjust the current information systems so that they can satisfy the established needs. Besides, the IT analysts should make better the information systems such that people feel comfortable while using them. Fortunately, there are diverse techniques, which the IT specialists can make put into use so as to undertake business information system management effectively (Khosrowpour 127). It is noteworthy to understand that discordance is emerging within the busin ess information system sector. There are various factors, which can be attributed to the emergence of discordance. These factors are such as the widening gap between the haves along with have is not. Another contributing factor is the disparity in the possession of Information Technology expertise. In addition, discordance is also brought about by privacy issues, as well as, security issues such as hackers along with contingency. Within the IT field, various aspects are viewed as security threats. It is thus necessary to ensure that the information system being utilized within the business entity is well secured. Most of the security threats are ignited by password weaknesses along with proliferation. Spywares along with adware also threaten the security of the information systems being utilized within the business enterprises. In order to establish a vibrant information system within the business organization, one has to seek the services of internet providers. It is through the in ternet that the information system users can take advantage of both intranet, as well as, extranet connections. However, the internet providers aggravate security issues further within the business information system management because in most of the occasions they deny the attacks launched within their systems by hackers thereby leaving their clients in darkness (Head 69). Cybercrime has also affected negatively on the security of business information systems. It is actually estimated that damages, which were brought about by issues related to cybercrime in the course of 2004, could reach the margin of 17.5 billion USD (United States Dollars), which was actual a 30% increase over the figure obtained in 2003. All in all, the business information system managers should remain aware of the fact that the more the devices incorporated within the system the lesser the privacy and the more insecure they become. In other words, the information systems, which utilize numerous devices, are m ore prone to attacks by hackers. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is clear that Information Technology is an important aspect in the business world. Nevertheless, despite the aforementioned setbacks associated with the use of the information technology in the management of the business information system, there are various tangible benefits, which the business entities can achieve by utilizing them in an effective manner (Head 89). The improved business performance associated with the use of information technology in the management of the business information system results to increased profit margins. Therefore, the business information personnel should formulate processes through which they can securely make use of information technology. Works Cited Daft, Richard L. Understanding Management. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. Gilman, Lawrence J, and Carl D. McDaniel. The Future of Business: The Essentials. Mason, OH: South-Western Cenage Learning, 200 9. Print. Head, Simon. The New Ruthless Economy. Work and Power in the Digital Age. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005. Print. Huber, Martin. Implications of Digitizing, Miniaturizing and Convergence in Media and Entertainment: Trendreport 2001. München: Center for Digital Technology and Management, 2001. Print. Khosrowpour, Mehdi. Web Technologies for Commerce and Services Online. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2008. Print. Kurtz, Lee. Contemporary business. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Laudon, Kenneth C, and Jane P. Laudon. Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 2004. Print. Leon, Alexis. Enterprise Resource Planning. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill, 2008. Print. Rocheleau, Bruce. Public Management information systems. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishers, 2006. Print. Schultz, R. A. Contemporary issues in ethics and information technology. Hershey, PA: IRM Press, 2006. Print. Stair, Ralph M, an d George W. Reynolds. Principles of Information Systems: A Managerial Approach. Australia: Course Technology Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. This research paper on Information Systems for Managers was written and submitted by user Dorothy A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

About Mary Dyer, Quaker Martyr

About Mary Dyer, Quaker Martyr Mary Dyer was a  Quaker martyr in colonial Massachusetts. Her execution, and the religious freedom initiatives taken in memory of that, make her a key figure in American religious freedom history.   She was hanged on  June 1, 1660. Mary Dyer Biography Mary Dyer was born in England in about 1611, where she married William Dyer. They emigrated to the Massachusetts colony in about 1635, the year they joined a Boston church. Mary Dyer sided with Anne Hutchinson  and her mentor and brother-in-law, Rev. John Wheelwright, in the Antinomian controversy, which challenged the doctrine of salvation by works as well as challenging  the authority of the church leadership .   Mary Dyer lost her franchise in 1637 for her support of their ideas.   When Anne Hutchinson was expelled from church membership, Mary Dyer withdrew from the congregation. Mary Dyer had given birth to a stillborn child the fall before she left the church, and neighbors speculated that that the child had been deformed as divine punishment for her disobedience. In 1638, William and Mary Dyer moved to Rhode Island, and William helped found Portsmouth.   The family thrived. In 1650, Mary accompanied Roger Williams and John Clarke to England, and William joined her in 1650. She remained in England until 1657 after William returned in 1651.   In these years, she became a Quaker, influenced by George Fox. When Mary Dyer returned to the colony in 1657, she came through Boston, where the Quakers were outlawed. She was arrested and jailed, and her husbands plea led to her release. He had not yet converted, so he was not arrested.   Then she went to New Haven, where she was expelled for preaching about Quaker ideas.   In 1659, two English Quakers were jailed for their faith in Boston, and Mary Dyer went to visit them and to bear witness. She was jailed and then banished on September 12. She returned with other Quakers to defy the law, and was arrested and convicted. Two of her comrades, William Robinson, and Marmaduke Stevenson,   were hanged, but she received a last-minute reprieve when her son William petitioned for her.   Again, she was banished to Rhode Island.  She returned to Rhode Island, then traveled to Long Island. On May 21, 1660, Mary Dyer  returned to Massachusetts to again defy the anti-Quaker law and protest the theocracy that could limit Quakers from that territory. She was again convicted.   This time, her sentence was carried out the day after her conviction. She was offered her freedom if she would leave and remain out of Massachusetts, and she refused.    On June 1, 1660, Mary Dyer was hanged for refusing to comply with anti-Quaker laws in Massachusetts. Mary and William Dyer had seven children. Her death is credited with inspiring Rhode Islands Charter of 1663 granting religious freedom, which is in turn credited with inspiring part of the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution in 1791. Dyer is now honored with a statue at The State House in Boston. Bibliography The Antinomian Controversy, 1636 - 1638: A Documentary History. David D. Hall, editor.Ingle, H. Larry. First Among Friends: George Fox and the Creation of Quakerism Mary Dyer: Biography of a Rebel Quaker.Larson, Rebecca. Daughters of Light: Quaker Women Preacher and Prophesying in the Colonies and Abroad, 1700-1775Plimpton, Ruth T. Mary Dyer: Biography of a Rebel Quaker

Outsourcing jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Outsourcing jobs - Essay Example On the downside, some of the neg'tives include difficulties in m'int'ining confidenti'lity, ret'ining control, 'nd confronting tr'nsition problems. In the following p'per I will be ex'mining the 'dv'nt'ges 'nd dis'dv'nt'ges of outsourcing jobs from the view of the benefit to the org'niz'tion. Assigning various functions, such as accounting production, security, maintenance, and legal work to outside organizations. (Nickels, McHugh, McHugh, 257). Outsourcing (or contr'cting out work) st'rted in the m'nuf'cturing business in the e'rly 1980s, prim'rily 's ' me'ns of cutting b'ck st'ff 'nd s'ving on w'ges. Often ' t'sk is considered for outsourcing if the work performed by ' consult'nt would require hiring 'ddition'l st'ff if it were done in-house. In 'ddition, work h'ndled by ' former employee who m'y perform ' specific service is 'lso considered 's outsourcing. The decision to outsource is m'inly b'sed on cost, set-up time, 'nd the 'v'il'bility of expertise (Bl'xill, Hout, 95). Two prim'ry f'ctors h've c'used the job m'rket to tr'il the gener'l economy: we'kness in m'nuf'cturing 'nd stell'r productivity perform'nce 'cross 'll m'jor sectors. M'nuf'cturing h's suffered through p'inful 'djustments to over investment, ' previously strong doll'r, 'nd the migr'tion of c'p'city overse's. Me'nwhile, 'lthough re'l GDP (gross domestic product) h's exp'nded 't 'n impressive r'te of 'bout 3.5% over the p'st two ye'rs, he'lthy productivity g'ins--including sizzling r'tes during the second 'nd third qu'rters of 2004--me'nt th't m'ny comp'nies s'w little need to 'dd to their workforces (Minoli, 54). Estim'tes of the 'ctu'l number of jobs outsourced overse's 're sketchy. G'rtner Inc. contends th't 'bout 500,000 jobs in the technology sector could be sent 'bro'd over the next two ye'rs, which would 'mount to ' still moder'te 5% of the tot'l 10.3 million workers believed to work in the technology sector. Deloitte Consulting predicts th't 's m'ny 's four million service jobs could be out sourced over the next five ye'rs, which would still 'mount to only 'bout 3.5% to 4.0% of the tot'l U.S. service sector. In m'ny c'ses, these jobs might h've been filled by foreign immigr'nts or by firms buying entire offshore f'cilities. The free flow of l'bor 'nd c'pit'l is vit'l to ' he'lthy glob'l economy. 't the s'me time, p'rt of 'ny incre'se in foreign incomes should come b'ck to the United St'tes in the form of either new purch'ses or investment (Minoli, 56). M'ny jobs c'nnot be exported overse's. F'ce-to-f'ce cont'ct with customers rem'ins vit'l, loc'l control is often integr'l to the m'n'gement process, 'nd logistic'l 'nd security concerns m'y require domestic loc'tions. Indeed, fin'nci'l institutions need to exercise speci'l c're to insure 'g'inst identity theft for their customers. 'djustment is never e'sy, but 'meric'n workers h've demonstr'ted their flexibility 'nd responsiveness to ch'nge over the p'st two dec'des. Our competitive 'dv'nt'ge will continue in fields requiring higher skills 'nd knowledge. This is why employment 'mong college gr'du'tes h's exp'nded by over two million jobs in the p'st ye'r 'nd why the jobless r'te 'mong these more educ'ted workers is only 'round 3.0% (G'ntz, 41). 's the recovery m'tures, look for job growth to show further improvement over the next sever'l months. ' resumption of higher c'pit'l spending, ' more competitive doll'r, 'nd ' rebuilding

Recruitment, Selection, and Deployment of Human Resources Case Study

Recruitment, Selection, and Deployment of Human Resources - Case Study Example Immediately, Hutton should cascade a memo acknowledging the management’s shortcomings about what is expected from their employees, analyzing why the employees’ expectations were different from the actual work. This will prevent employee attrition and further degradation of employee performance.   Second, Hutton should conduct a job review in addition to performance review and check where the gaps lie between what is communicated to the employees and the actual work. Identifying those gaps will help the management to implement remedial measures in closing the gap between job expectation and job reality. Lastly, communication should be improved on all levels. The problem is a symptom of a communication problem and management should cultivate it. Encourage feedback from the employees instead of being threatened by it. The old human resource formula of Kanata which made it a successful company is no longer applicable to the new market reality of globalization and increased competition. The symptoms present such as not meeting the desired number of minorities in the workforce, increasing demand for unionization, etch, is an indication for Kanata to adapt to the new market reality. These tendencies of Kana’s workforce makes the organization less competitive in the market. The current human resource practices of Kanata is rigid and prone to internal conflict. While the norm in human resource now is work flexibility, Kanata sticks to the old fixed schedule. The relative higher salary of grocery department compared to Super K and 24-7 is susceptible to internal professional jealousy that could undermine productivity. Also, the company lags in terms of hiring part-time employees which could help the company cope with the increased competition by being efficient in its labour cost. In general, its workforce is not abreast with the needs of the new market. There are three alternatives being considered by the company. First is internet marketing, second is expanding abroad and lastly, the expansion of the convenience stores and pastry division.        

Labelling Theory for Understanding Youth Crime

Labelling Theory for Understanding Youth Crime Outline labelling theory and consider its usefulness in understanding youth crime and anti-social behaviour in Britain today. Labelling theory claims that deviance and conformity results not so much from what people do but from how others respond to those actions, it highlights social responses to crime and deviance Macionis and Plummer, (2005).Deviant behaviour is therefore socially constructed. This essay will describe in full the labelling theory and comment on the importance of the theory to the deviant behaviour of the youth and the anti-social behaviour of the youth in Britain today. The labelling theory becomes dominant in the early 1960s and the late 1970s when it was used as a sociological theory of crime influential in challenging orthodox positivity criminology. The key people to this theory were Becker and Lement.The foundations of this view of deviance are said to have been first established by Lement, (1951) and were subsequently developed by Becker, (1963).As a matter of fact the labelling theory has subsequently become a dominant paradigm in the explanation of devience.The symbolic interaction perspective was extremely active in the early foundations of the labelling theory. The labelling theory is constituted by the assumption that deviant behaviour is to be seen not simply as the violation of a norm but as any behaviour which is successfully defined or labelled as deviant. Deviance is not the act itself but the response others give to that act which means deviance is in the eyes of the beholder. Actually the labelling theory was built on Becker, (1963 :9) statement that Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitute deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders-deviance is not a quality of the act of a person commits, but rather a consequences of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an offender The deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied. Deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label. The way out is a refusal to dramatize the evil. The labelling theory connects to great sociological ideas of Dukheim the symbolic interactionism and the conflict theory. The theory also draws from the idea of Thomas (1928) that when people define situations as real they become real in their consequences. Lement ,(1951-1972) distinguishes deviance into primary and secondary deviance in which he described primary deviance as those little reactions from others which have little effect on a persons self concept and secondary deviance as when people push a deviant person out of their social circles which leads the person to be embittered and seek the company of the people who condone his behaviour.Lement further argued that rather than seeing a crime as leading to control it may be more fruitful to see the process as one in which control agencies structured and even generated crime. Secondary deviance leads to what Goffman (1963) deviant career. This will subsequently leads to stigma which is a powerful negative social label that radically changes a persons self concept and social identity. A criminal prosecution is one way that an individual is labelled in a negative rather than in a positive way. Stigmatising people often leads to retrospective labelling which is the interpretation of s omeones past consistent with the present deviance Seheff; (1984).Retrospective labelling distorts a persons biography in a prejudicial way guided by stigma than any attempt to be fair. No social class stands apart from others as being either criminal or free from criminality. However according to various sociologists people with less stake in society and their own future typically exhibit less resistance to some kinds of devience.Labelling theory asks what happens to criminals after they have been labelled and suggests that crime may be highlighted by criminal sanctions thus sending one to prison may help to criminalise an individual further. Stigmatising young offenders may actually lead them into a criminal career. Howard S.Becker , (1963) one of the earlier interaction theorists claimed that social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitute deviance and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders. Furthermore the labelling theoretical approach to deviance concentrates on the social reaction to deviance committed by individuals as well as the interaction processes leading up to the labelling. The theory therefore suggests that criminology has been given too much attention to criminals as types of people and insufficient attention to the collection of social control responses. That therefore means the law, the police, the media and the public publications helps to give crime its shape. This is supported by the conflict theory which demonstrates how deviance reflects inequalities and power .This approach holds that the causes of crime may be linked to inequalities of class, race and gender and that who or what is labelled as deviant depends on the relative power of categories of people.Cicourels study on Juvenile justice in California, (1972) pointed out that police stereotypes result in black, white class youth being labelled criminal. The conflict theory links deviance to power in the form of the norms and the laws of most societies which bolster the interests of the rich and powerful. The labelling theory links deviance not to action but to the reaction of others .The concept of stigma, secondary deviance and deviant career demonstrates how people can incorporate the label of deviance into a lasting self-concept. Political leaders recognises that labelling was a political act for it made them aware on which rules to enforce, what behaviour is to regarded as deviant and which people labelled as outsiders may require political assistance Becker,(1963-7).Political leaders went on to produce a series of empirical studies concerning the origins of deviancy definitions through political actions in areas such as drugs legislation, temperance legislation ,delinquency definitions,homosexuality,prostitution and pornography. Becker, (1963) examines the possible effects upon an individual after being publicly labelled as deviant. A label is not neutral; it contains an evaluation of the person to whom it is applied. It will become a master label in the sense that it colours all the other statuses possessed by an individual. If one is labelled as a paedophile, criminal or homosexual it is difficult to reject such labels for those labels largely overrides their original status as parents, worker, neighbour and friend. Others view that person and respond to him or her in terms of the label and tend to assume that individual has the negative characteristics normally associated with such labels. Since an individuals self concept is largely derived from the responses of others they will tend to see themselves in terms of that label. This may produce a self fulfilling prophecy whereby the deviant identification becomes the controlling one. This links to the interactionist approach which emphasizes the importance of the meanings the various actors bring to and develops within the interaction situation. However the labelling theory has its weaknesses which includes Liazos,(1972) who noted that although the labelling theorists aims to humanise the deviant individual and show that he or she is no different than other individuals except perhaps in terms of opportunity. It however by the very emphasis on the deviant and his identity problems and subculture the opposite effect may have been achieved. He further suggested that while considering the more usual everyday types of deviance such as homosexuality, prostitution and juvenile delinquency the labelling theorists have totally ignored a more dangerous and malevolent types of deviance which he termed covert institutional violence. He pointed out that this type of violence leads to such things as poverty and exploitation for example the war in Vietnam, unjust tax laws, racism and sexism. It is questionable whether labelling theorists should even attempt to discuss forms of deviance such as this in the same way as more commonplace indiv idual crimes or whether the two should be kept totally separate being so different in subject matter. Akers, (1994) also criticized the labelling theory by pointing out that it fails to explain why people break the law while the majority conform explaining that people go about minding their own business and then wham-bad society comes along and stops them with a stigmatised label. The theory fails to explain why the moral entrepreneurs react in the manner described but rather blames society and portrays criminals as innocent victims which is not always the case. To counter for the negative effects of punitive measures to youth crime and anti-social behaviour the British government introduced the ASBO and ABC which means anti social behaviour orders and acceptable behaviours respectively.ASBO and ABC are recent developments in Britain which were designed to put a stop to anti-social behaviour by the individual on whom they are imposed.ASBO is a statutory creation and it carries legal force where as an ABC is an informal procedure though not without legal significance. Both types of interventions are aimed at stopping the problem behaviour rather than punishing the offender which may lead an individual into a deviant career. The ABC proved most effective as a means of encouraging young adults, children and parents to take responsibility for unacceptable behaviour. These measures are being used to improve the quality of life for local people by tackling behaviour such as harassment, graffiti, criminal damage and verbal abuse without criminalisi ng the offender. The crime and disorder act (1998) contains the key elements of labours new youth justice system which saw the establishment of the youth justice and the restructuring of the non custodial penalties available to the youth court. The government believed that preventing offending promotes the welfare of the individual young offender and protects the public. The youth justice board oversees the youth offending teams which has a number of roles including assessing the risk and protective factors in a young persons life that relate to their offending behaviour to enable effective interventions to be implemented, providing support to young people who have been released from the custody into the community and early intervention and preventative work both in criminality and anti-social behaviour. To further reduce the effects of labelling the British government is tackling anti-social behaviour and its causes by tackling family problems, poor education attainment, unemployment, alcohol and drug misuse. The most successful interventions to be implemented where noted to be those that engage the individual in changing their own behaviour. This is being done ensuring that an individual understands the impact of their behaviour to the community whilst offering the necessary support to conform. Rather than labelling and criminalising an individual the British government came up with effective advice, councelling and support that enable people who behave anti-Socially to change their behaviour. Perpetrators young and adults have issues in their lives that require the help and support of professional, statutory or voluntary organisations. Issues like money management and debt, communication difficulties with the family, young people struggling within the educational or employment because of offending behaviour and victims of domestic violence can all benefit from available services in Britain today. This essay therefore concludes that labelling theory is enormously influential in directing attention towards the relative and somewhat arbitrary nature of dominant definitions of crime and criminality in Britain. It also critizes the criminal justice and the agencies of social control for it reflects on the consequences of our social reaction and advocates for changes in public policy on juvenile justice, restorative justice,de-institutionalisation and communitarian approaches. The powerful insights of the labelling theory made the British authorities to rethink again on the tough on crime stance hence the introduction of new restorative measures which does not label or criminalise young offenders. The labelling theory is therefore quite useful in understanding that the rise in the yob culture, gang culture and hoody culture in Britain was a result of criminalising young offenders rather than addressing issues leading the young into crime and anti-social behaviour. References Berker and Howard, S (1963) Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance, New York: free press Goffman, E (1963) Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity, Prentice-hall Hall, S (1978) Policing the crisis, The Macmillan press LTD Haralambos, M and Holborn (1991) Sociology themes and perspectives, Collins education. Macionis, J and Plummer, K (2005) Sociology a global introduction, Pearson education limited. Taylor et al, (1973) the new criminology for a social theory of devience, Routledge